Draft import health standard for fresh table grapes for human consumption

Source: NZ Ministry for Primary Industries

Aleurolobus taonabae – Grapevine whitefly China This whitefly is very unlikely to enter New Zealand as it shows visible symptoms, and adults are likely to fly or fall off during inspection or packing. Due to limited mobility of immature stages and limited host availability, exposure to host plants is unlikely. Establishment and spread are unlikely as the whitefly only feeds on a few plant species despite climate suitability. Economic impact is minimal. While it can damage plant leaves by causing yellowing, curling and producing honeydew, which promotes sooty mould, damage is rare, and no significant losses have been reported. Archips micaceana – Soybean leaf roller China, India This moth is unlikely to enter New Zealand as it produces webs and waste that are usually visible during inspection despite the possibility of hiding in grape bunches and surviving transport. Due to limited mobility of immature stages and inability to survive winter, exposure to host plants is very unlikely, despite host availability. Establishment and spread are unlikely as the moth is found in tropical and subtropical regions. However, it could establish in the warmer northernmost areas if suitable host plants are available. Economic impact is minimal and would be largely restricted by climate despite availability of host material. Archips podana – Large fruit-tree tortrix China, Korea, USA The moth could enter New Zealand undetected as larvae or pupae hidden in grape bunches, especially non-feeding stages that cause no visible damage; however, due to limited mobility of immature stages, exposure to host plants is very unlikely. Establishment and spread are very likely due to favourable climate and wide availability of host plants. Economic impact is moderate. Its larvae can damage various crops by rolling leaves together and feeding on fruits, reducing yield and market value. It is a moderate to major pest of apples and pears. Argyrotaenia ljungiana* China Likely to be detected during commercial production activities. Cryptoblabes gnidiella* Egypt, India, Korea, Mexico Popillia quadriguttata* China, Korea Botrytis prunorum Chile This fungus could enter New Zealand with mild infections possibly going unnoticed; otherwise, symptoms are likely to be detected either before or after harvest. However, host exposure is very unlikely due to low spore production and weak pathogenicity. If it were to enter NZ, it could establish and spread, as a closely related Botrytis species is already widespread due to favourable climate. Economic impact is minor, causing blossom blight and post-harvest fruit rot but very unlikely to add significantly to existing Botrytis-related losses. Coniella vitis – White rot of grapevine China This fungus is unlikely to enter New Zealand as it infects damaged fruit, and symptoms are typically visible, despite spores on the surface of healthy grapes possibly going unnoticed. Host exposure is unlikely as the disease requires open wounds, and favourable conditions (high moisture and, warm temperatures). Establishment and spread are unlikely and limited to the warmer regions of New Zealand where grapevines grow. Economic impact is minimal with white rot possible under ideal conditions though New Zealand’s climate may limit outbreaks. Dysmicoccus brevipes – Pineapple mealybug Chile, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, USA This mealybug is very unlikely to enter New Zealand due to poor survival during transport. Due to limited mobility of young and adult stages, exposure to host plants is unlikely, despite host availability. Establishment and spread are unlikely or very unlikely, especially in cooler regions, though possible in warmer areas or greenhouses. Economic impact is minor. While it can affect other crops, climate limits their spread. Indirect damage may include honeydew production, which promotes sooty mould reducing fruit quality and market value. Eulia stalactitis (Chileulia stalactitis)* Chile Based on information available the webbing and the feeding of the pest should be detected either in field monitoring, grading, sorting or phytosanitary inspection. Basic measures are considered appropriate. Ferrisia gilli USA These mealybugs are very unlikely to enter New Zealand, as they’re easily detected, have few hiding spots on grapes, prefer other hosts over grapes, or unlikely to survive transport. Due to limited host range, and limited mobility exposure to host plants is unlikely, despite host availability. Establishment and spread are unlikely as climate in New Zealand is generally unsuitable (too cold) in most areas to support its survival. Economic impact is minor. While they can affect other crops, climate limits their spread. Indirect damage may include honeydew production, which promotes sooty mould reducing fruit quality and market value Nipaecoccus viridis Australia, China, Egypt, India, Mexico Paracoccus marginatus Australia, China, India, Mexico Phenacoccus solenopsis Australia, Chile, China, Egypt, India Planococcus lilacinus China, Mexico, USA Planococcus minor China, India Pseudococcus cribata Australia, India, Mexico Pseudococcus cryptus Chile, China Pseudococcus meridionalis Australia, Chile, India, Korea

Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae

Australia, China, Egypt, India, Korea, Mexico, Peru

These fungi have been reported in other hosts but have not been investigated in grape berries. If found on grapes, they could enter New Zealand as infection may be asymptomatic. However, host exposure is unlikely requiring open wounds despite host availability. Suitable climate and widespread hosts could facilitate establishment and spread; however, low temperatures may slow growth. Economic impact is moderate and sporadic, mainly affecting stressed or wounded plants.

L. theobromae** – Diplodia rot

Australia, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Korea, Mexico, Peru, USA

Marmara gulosa – Citrus peelminer Mexico, USA The moth is unlikely to enter New Zealand as it rarely infests grape bunches and prefers citrus fruits. Limited flight restricts movement, making exposure to hosts unlikely despite their availability. Establishment and spread are likely due to common host plants, high reproduction and suitable climate. Economic impact ranges from minor to moderate, causing cosmetic damage to citrus fruits, particularly grapefruit, reducing their market value.

Neopulvinaria innumerabilis

USA

These scales are unlikely to enter New Zealand as they are not strongly associated with grapes, they are likely to be detected and unlikely to survive transport. Due to limited mobility, exposure to host plants is unlikely, despite host availability. Establishment and spread are likely as these scales are present in a wide range of climates and can establish in some parts of New Zealand. Economic impact is moderate. These scales can feed on a wide range of economically important host plants, and heavy infestations can cause symptoms of decline, potentially affecting both yield and quality. However, effective control methods are available.

Ceroplastes actiniformis

China, Egypt, India

Ceroplastes cirripediformis

Chile, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, USA

Parthenolecanium orientalis

China, Korea

Russellaspis pustulans

China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, USA

Aonidiella orientalis

Australia, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, USA

Oligonychus punicae* Australia, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, USA Weak association with table grapes and low risk of exposure. Basic measures are considered appropriate. Popillia mutans* China, Korea, India Visibly detectable, the larvae and pupae are associated with grass and soil, and adult associated with branches because it is an external feeder. Basic measures are considered appropriate. Proeulia triquetra* Chile Not enough information available to conduct a PRA but is likely to be detected so basic measures are considered appropriate. Retithrips syriacus- Black vine thrips Egypt, India This thrip is very unlikely to enter New Zealand, as its easily detected and unlikely to survive transport. Limited flight restricts movement, making exposure to hosts unlikely despite their availability. Establishment and spread are likely in warmer regions of New Zealand due to favourable climate and widespread host plants. Economic impact ranges from minor to moderate including defoliation, feeding damage, and excrement contamination on horticultural crops, but can be managed through insecticides, biopesticides, cultural practices, or biological control.

MIL OSI