Source: Climate Change Commission
- Today the Minister of Climate Change released two reports from the Climate Change Commission on Aotearoa New Zealand’s medium- and long-term climate goals.
- The first report is a review of the 2050 target – this recommends the target should be updated and should include international shipping and aviation emissions.
- The Commission is recommending an update to the target to course correct – evidence shows that the world is not on track to limit warming to 1.5°C, climate impacts are more severe and happening sooner than expected, and other countries are already doing and expecting more.
- The second report is advice on emissions budgets – it shows that Aotearoa New Zealand has options to get on track to the current 2050 emissions reduction target, and recommends that the fourth emissions budget be set at 160 MtCO2e.
A more ambitious 2050 target that is also realistic and affordable
The country’s 2050 climate target has provided a consistent signal for five years, enabling the Government, business and communities to plan, invest and act to reduce domestic emissions. The Commission is required to review the target every five years, and can recommend changes if specific criteria are met.
“Our review found significant changes in three of the nine factors we’re required to consider – and that these changes support updating the 2050 target,” says Climate Change Commission Chair Dr Rod Carr.
These significant changes are that since 2019:
- Global action – the evidence that shows that the world is not on track to limit warming to 1.5°C, and other countries are doing and expecting more
- Climate change is contributing to more frequent and severe weather events, sea level rise and ocean acidification than was expected when the 2050 target was set
- Increased risks and impacts of climate change have implications for the Aotearoa New Zealand’s future.
“Our analysis shows the country has options available to not only get on track to the current target, but to increase Aotearoa New Zealand’s contribution to global efforts to limit average warming to 1.5°C,” says Dr Carr.
“Responding to the significant changes requires further and faster reductions on both sides of the split gas target – and this is possible.
“There’s a lot happening, both domestically and internationally that means many people may ask ‘why should we do more?’ We recognise that the required change has to be feasible, with impacts that can be managed.
“Our advice shows the recommended 2050 target is both realistic and affordable. Our modelling shows that existing technologies can help achieve more ambitious cost-effective emissions reductions in the short and medium term, and that research and innovation is vital to achieving low cost emissions reductions in the 2040s and beyond.
“For example, since 2019 there has been significant investment by the Government and business into ways to address biogenic methane that means the innovation landscape is different to what it was in 2019. The evidence shows it’s possible for Aotearoa New Zealand to reduce domestic gross emissions while still growing the economy, reducing energy costs, increasing energy security, and improving public health and our local environment.
“Change is coming – the question is how much the country chooses to steer this change. Doing nothing will likely lead to worse outcomes and higher costs, because delaying action will make the transition more expensive, and more difficult for some sectors and communities. It also risks Aotearoa New Zealand falling behind other countries.
“The more that is done now to ensure a smooth transition for sectors, communities, and households, the better off the country and New Zealanders as a whole will end up. It’s possible to reach a low-emissions climate resilient future in a fair, equitable and inclusive way, while still growing the economy.
“Many comparable countries are now doing more and expecting more. This review provides an opportunity for Aotearoa New Zealand to adjust our goal and keep pace with global efforts.”
Emissions budget four sets next stepping stone towards target
Emissions budgets turn the country’s long term emissions reduction target into measurable and achievable steps. They signal the path to the target so industry and businesses, government and communities have confidence to plan, invest and act. The Commission recommends a level of 160 MtCO2e for the fourth emissions budget period (2036-2040). The fourth emissions budget is critical because it takes Aotearoa New Zealand past the halfway point to 2050. By cutting emissions by more than half (relative to 2022, when the first emissions budget began), it keeps the 2050 target firmly within reach.
Circumstances have changed since the first three budgets were set, so the Commission is also recommending that emissions budgets one, two and three are updated. Doing so means these budgets will continue to guide action to reduce emissions that make the recommended fourth emissions budget achievable, and put the country on a path to meeting the 2050 target.
“Our role is to look at government projections for change then use scenarios to look at what is possible, and our recommended budget balances the possibilities we see for action with the impacts of those actions to create a feasible scenario for change,” Dr Carr says.
“The Government has choices on how to act. Different choices on how to achieve the budget have different benefits and risks that will affect the economy and communities in different ways. The Government will need to weigh up these options in deciding its path to the target.”
What happens next
The Government will consider both pieces of advice, and must respond by the end of 2025.
Explore the advice
Details of the 2050 target recommendation
- Amend the ‘net zero’ component to be net negative -20 MtCO2e by 2050 (including emissions from international shipping and aviation). This means that after 2050, Aotearoa New Zealand would be taking more greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere than it is putting into it (except for biogenic methane). This figure is based on what the Commission regards as practical to achieve, through current and emerging technologies and the long-term benefit of investing in them.
- Tighten the lower threshold of the ‘biogenic methane 2050’ component from 24% to 35%, so it is 35-47% reduction below 2017 biogenic methane emissions by 2050. This is possible based on mix of actions that are ambitious while also are reasonably expected to be technically and economically achievable.
- The Commission has not recommended adjusted the top threshold of the 2050 biogenic methane component, or the 2030 biogenic methane component.
- Further reductions after 2050 – The world needs to go net negative as much as possible to avoid the worst impacts of climate change that are already baked in from greenhouse gases that have already been emitted.
- A graphic showing the difference between the current 2050 target and the recommended 2050 target is on page 17 of the advice.
How these two reports are linked
Together, these two reports provide recommendations on three components of Aotearoa New Zealand’s climate policy framework that will affect planning and investment decisions for the coming decades. The Government will use this advice to inform important decisions it must make by the end of 2025 that will affect how the country tackles climate change for the next 20-30 years.
The purpose of the 2050 target is to act as a ‘guiding star’ to drive the country’s long-term emissions reduction – it is not a mechanism to respond to the level of action occurring.
Emissions budgets are stepping stones towards the 2050 emissions reduction target. They show the maximum amount of climate pollution Aotearoa New Zealand can produce in a five-year period, if we want to stay on track for the 2050 target. Each budget is smaller than the one before it. Emissions budgets and emissions monitoring are the part of the system that give the country an ‘early warning alert’ if it is not on track to achieve its commitments, while there is time to adjust course.
Background information
- About the five-yearly review of the 2050 target – our remit, the required ‘two-step’ approach, the factors that we must consider, and the changes we can recommend.
- Aotearoa New Zealand’s system for reducing its domestic emissions – explains how the four components (2050 target, emissions budgets, emissions reduction plans, government policy) fit together.
- What are emissions budgets? – describes the gases they cover, how many have been set, why budgets matter, and net vs gross emissions.
- Aotearoa New Zealand’s emissions and where they come from – Interactive emission tracker (NZ Greenhouse Gas Inventory).
- Monitoring report: emissions reduction – In July 2024, the Commission delivered its first progress report. These will be delivered annually going forward.
- The role of methane – describes methane’s warming effect, how it is measured, and how it is included in the 2050 target.