World Wildlife Day: Medicinal and aromatic plants.

Source: NZ Department of Conservation

World Wildlife Day is celebrated every year on 3 March to celebrate and raise awareness about wild animals and plants. This year, the focus is on medicinal and aromatic plants. 

Today is World Wildlife Day

The date was chosen because the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was signed on 3 March 1973. This global agreement uses permits to control the international trade of wild plants and animals, making sure it is legal and sustainable. 

Which New Zealand native plants have medicinal or aromatic properties?

New Zealand has many native medicinal plants (rongoā) such as kawakawa, mānuka, horopito, kūmarahou, harakeke, kōhūhū, hoheria and tōtara. We also have several aromatic native plants, including tarata (lemonwood), kānuka, mānuka, kopoti, kohukohu, fragrant hebe, and Olearia (tree daisy) species. 

These plants are increasingly used in local skincare products.  Kawakawa balm is popular for eczema and sensitive skin, and kūmarahou is valued for its natural, soap-like cleansing properties. 

Most of New Zealand’s medicinal and aromatic plants are not protected under CITES, because they are not currently threatened by international trade.

Which New Zealand Native plants are protected by CITES?

The only New Zealand native plants protected under CITES are orchids and tree ferns. The whole orchid family (Orchidaceae) and the tree fern genus Cyathea are listed globally. 

New Zealand has 26 genera and 118 species of native orchids. Orchids are used in beauty and health products overseas, but native orchids are not commonly used this way in New Zealand. 

Cyathea has over 450 species, with many globally threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and overuse for horticulture. In New Zealand, there are seven native and one introduced Cyathea species. Only two species, found only on Raoul Island, are classified as at risk. 

The black tree fern (mamaku, Cyathea medullaris) and the silver fern (ponga, punga, Cyathea dealbata) are the primary native Cyathea ferns used in rongoā. 

Some trade has occurred in these species: 

• Cyathea dealbata has been exported as live plants and sometimes logs to the UK, Europe, and China. 

• Cyathea medullaris has been exported as live plants, powdered trunks, and tissue extracts, mainly to Europe and Japan. Powdered trunks have been exported to French cosmetic companies for use as exfoliants, and small amounts of plant fluid extracts have more recently gone to Australia, China, and France for use in health supplements. 

These exports were managed under CITES regulations. 

What medicinal and aromatic species are listed under CITES internationally?

Many medicinal and aromatic plants listed globally under CITES are available in New Zealand. 

Medicinal plants: 

• American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius): A North American plant – vulnerable to endangered, depending on the region. 

• Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis): A vulnerable North American herb. 

• Pygeum/African Cherry (Prunus africana): A vulnerable tree from central and southern Africa. 

• Costus root (Saussurea costus):  Also known as Kuth or Aucklandia.  A critically endangered medicinal herb from the Himalayas. 

• Dendrobium (Dendrobium):  A large genus of orchids, with many species used in traditional medicines.  At high risk because of habitat loss, climate change and illegal harvesting. 

Aromatic plants: 

Agarwood-producing species (Aquilaria): Trees from Southeast Asian rainforests that produce the fragrant resin agar (used in Oud perfume). Twenty-one species now classified from vulnerable to critically endangered. 

What can we do for World Wildlife Day?

Support our native medicinal and aromatic plants so they aren’t over-harvested, as has happened to many species overseas.  

• Buy beauty and health products from trustworthy sources to make sure ingredients are collected responsibly.  

• Check permit requirements when bringing or taking any CITES protected products across international borders. 

Find out more about CITES 

MIL OSI